{"id":9045,"date":"2016-11-24T10:37:23","date_gmt":"2016-11-24T10:37:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/9045\/"},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T20:00:00","slug":"9045","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/9045\/","title":{"rendered":"\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0. \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. 1825 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd 1827 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8. 1828-1829 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7-\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 _ \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ea\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4, \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1828 <\/strong>\u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10ea\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> _ <\/strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ed\u10d4\u10e1<\/strong>. 1851 <\/strong>\u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d3\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0<\/strong> 1856 <\/strong>\u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10db\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10d3<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> _ <\/strong>\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10d0\u10db<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong>. 1918 <\/strong>\u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d0\u10e6\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d4\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10d0\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d6\u10d0\u10d9\u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong> (<\/strong>\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong>) <\/strong>\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong> (<\/strong>\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10e4\u10e1\u10e0<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd<\/strong>), <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d9\u10d8<\/strong> _ <\/strong>\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> (1953 <\/strong>\u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4<\/strong>). 1991 <\/strong>\u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d0\u10e6\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d6\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> _ <\/strong>\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1. \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10d7\u10e3 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10da \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10da\u10d4\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 (\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e6\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ec\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d8\u10e5 \u10d9\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1, \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d1\u10ed\u10d4 \u10d9\u10dd\u10ef\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 (\u10d0\u10db\u10df\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d6\u10d4), \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10ef\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 _ \u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10d8\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e5, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10d0, XVII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10db\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 1724 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e8\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 80-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d2\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e8\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10de\u10d8\u10e8\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1 1785 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d2\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e8\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10df\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e5 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 (\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8) \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10d0. \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e3\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc. \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e6\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8. \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 1824_1825 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 “\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1” (\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 “\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10de\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8”) \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 (\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4). \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10dd. \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 “\u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1”. \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 1934 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1, \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0.<\/span><\/p>\n

1847-1851 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 (\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8). \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 (\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8; \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5. \u10ef\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d9\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8). \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3. \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10da \u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8.<\/span><\/p>\n

1850 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7 “\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8” \u10d5\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d7: “26 \u10d8\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 5 \u10e1\u10d7-\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10db\u10d0, \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d0 \u10eb\u10e0\u10dd\u10ee\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10d5\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc”. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc (\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e4\u10d8, \u10d0\u10db\u10df\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d0), \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10ed\u10dd\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1), \u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e8\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10ef\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1), \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1), \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1) \u10ee\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 30-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5: \u10db\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10e4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e5\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e8\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0, \u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e7\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e6\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10ea\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 1847 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd, \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dd\u10e2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e5, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d8\u10d0\u10e4\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d8\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc (\u10de. \u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, 1899 \u10ec.). \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10dd\u10d9\u10d6\u10d4, \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e9\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10e3\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e9\u10dd\u10e9\u10e5\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e6\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 – \u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10d8. \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3. \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10d2\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10e3\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ed\u10e3\u10ed\u10e7\u10d8, \u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8. \u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dd\u10e2\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4 \u10e3\u10e8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e7\u10e0\u10d8\u10da-\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 1885 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d1\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0. 1885 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 23 \u10d8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e5\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10e1. “\u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1”, _ \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0. 1892 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 25 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ec\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 \u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10d0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 (\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4 \u10e0. \u10ee\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8), \u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0. \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10da \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d1\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10de\u10dd\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd. \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8-\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10db\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3 \u10ed\u10e0\u10d4\u10da \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10e1 \u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

1824_1825 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8 (\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10de\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8). 1825 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10d1 \u10d6\u10e3\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10db\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10db\u10e0\u10dd “\u10de\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8”. 1838 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd \u10e3\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/span><\/p>\n

1830-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d8\u10e5, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d4\u10df\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0, \u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0), \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10db\u10d4\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10d7.<\/span><\/p>\n

1851 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8. \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc. 1878_1879 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8. 1921 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10dd \u10d3\u10d4\u10de\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 – \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8-\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc, \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10e1 (\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10da\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc). 1874 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10eb\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10dd \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, 1930-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10db\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10de\u10da\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10ea (1934 \u10ec.). 1956 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 21 \u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d5. \u10d8. \u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d4\u10d2\u10da\u10d8 (\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4 \u10d5. \u10d7\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4, \u10e3. \u10ef\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8: \u10d2. \u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e5\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4, \u10d9. \u10e9\u10ee\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4, \u10d9. \u10ee\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10e8. \u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8). \u10eb\u10d4\u10d2\u10da\u10d8 1991 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0. 1967 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10dd\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d9\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0, 1829 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10de\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10db\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 1956 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 21 \u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 \u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8.<\/span><\/p>\n

1991_1992 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4. \u10ec. \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. 1992 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10ea 1999 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 2 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 (\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5.) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10de\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10d7 (\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5. \u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4). \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10e3\u10dc\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3. \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3 2002 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10db\u10e0\u10dd “\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10e2\u10d8”.<\/span><\/p>\n

2006 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 23 \u10dc\u10dd\u10d4\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4 \u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e9\u10e3\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1). 27-\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 9 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d2 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> “<\/strong>\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> <\/strong>\u10db\u10d4\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0<\/strong>” #10<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0. \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. 1825 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd 1827 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8. 1828-1829 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7-\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 _ \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ea\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4, \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc.  1828 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":19045,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9045","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9045"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9045\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19045"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9045"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9045"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geworld.ge\/ge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9045"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}